Global & Cultural Communication Archive 2020-2021
- Global & Cultural Communications Major Archive 2020-2021
- Global & Cultural Communications Major Learning Goals & Objectives Archive 2020-2021
- Global & Cultural Communications Minor Archive 2020-2021
- Accelerated Bachelor's/Master's in Communication Archive 2020-2021
- Honors Archive 2020-2021
- Communication, Journalism & Media Courses Archive 2020-2021
Global & Cultural Communications Major Archive 2020-2021
Degree Requirements - 126 credits
Students can earn a bachelor of arts degree with this major. See the requirements for the bachelor of arts degree.
Students can earn a bachelor of science degree with this major. See the requirements for the bachelor of science degree.
Major Requirements: 10 courses, 40 credits
CJN-101 Introduction to Communication
CJN majors only
4.00
As an introduction to the communication discipline, this course examines the significance of communication to the symbolic construction of meaning. Students receive an overview of multiple forms of communication, including face-to-face, verbal/non-verbal, small group, intercultural, organizational, and mediated communication. The class devotes attention to the influence of culture on communication and to ethical complexities relating to communication.
CJN-105 Principles of Oral Communication
CJN majors only
4.00
Oral communication skills have been rated as vital to today's professional world. Students will learn these skills focusing on the three principal types of oral communication (interpersonal, team and public address). Sample assignments include creating a webinar, interviewing and team presentation. Specific attention will be given to communicating in diverse contexts, in an online environment, and for a diverse audience.
CJN-112 Journalism I
4.00
An introductory news writing course designed to teach both the writing style used by journalists and basic techniques used for gathering and presenting information for general publication. The course emphasizes fundamental writing and reporting skills such as interviews, finding sources, and choosing essential facts. Students also introduced to feature news writing and are assigned to develop and write basic stories drawn from real-life situations.
CJN-216 Intercultural Communication
4.00
An examination of communication variations and cultural viewpoints and their impact on cross-cultural communication. A special emphasis is placed on rituals and message patterns in non-Western cultures.
CJN-270 Speaking Across Cultures
4.00
This course helps students learn to communicate with and speak to culturally diverse audiences. Audience analysis, organizational patterns, speech creation, research skills, and delivery skills are all critical to understanding when interacting with diverse audiences. Students are provided with opportunities for oral presentations and interactions in different contexts.
CJN-315 Leadership, Communication and Mediation
CJN-216;
4.00
Conflict is universal. Effective leadership is essential at any and all levels to ensure that the potential for social change and positive resolution inherent in conflict is realized. This course explores the phenomenon of conflict at various levels including interpersonal, organizational, and cultural contexts.
CJN-321 Research Methods in Communication
4.00
Students learn the research traditions in communication grounded in the humanities and social sciences. They are exposed to an array of qualitative methods, with in-depth study of select methodologies. Students learn how to read scholarly articles, write in an academic style, and design a research project.
CJN-352 Visual and Global Contexts
4.00
This course focuses on understanding visual communication in a global context, such as photojournalism and photo essays. The student will be able to review and reflect on visual communication and their roles in everyday life. As part of the course students will create their own visual work focused on historical and/or contemporary and global perspectives.
CJN-470 Rhetoric and Global Context
4.00
Rhetoric is the strategic use of symbols to create meaning. Films, television, music, and new media communicate these meanings. This course explores how rhetorical messages in popular culture shape our personal and cultural identities. Current communication trends in areas such as gender, social networking, food, politics, religion, and fashion are explored.
CJN-482 Cultural Theory and Practice
CJN-216
4.00
In a world of globalization and multiculturalism, communication is critical to understanding. This course explores theoretical approaches to intercultural communication and apply them to specific contexts. Emerging trends in global, ethical, legal, political communication, and social justice issues are studied.
Note: All students should take CJN-101 and CJN-105 during their first year.
Residency Requirement Policy: In the College of Arts and Sciences, a two-course (8 credit) residency requirement must be satisfied for completion of a minor and a four-course (16 credit) residency requirement must be satisfied for the completion of a major.
Global & Cultural Communications Major Learning Goals & Objectives Archive 2020-2021
Learning goals and objectives reflect the educational outcomes achieved by students through the completion of this program. These transferable skills prepare Suffolk students for success in the workplace, in graduate school, and in their local and global communities.
Learning Goals | Learning Objectives |
---|---|
Students will... |
Students will be able to... |
Understand the role of communication in a culture and across various cultures |
|
Understand how the symbolic production of meaning shapes our world as well as the world of others (and that what we perceive as the same world, can be very different) |
|
Understand the role of culture in different forms of communication |
|
Global & Cultural Communications Minor Archive 2020-2021
Minor Requirements: 5 courses, 20 credits
CJN-216 Intercultural Communication
4.00
An examination of communication variations and cultural viewpoints and their impact on cross-cultural communication. A special emphasis is placed on rituals and message patterns in non-Western cultures.
CJN-270 Speaking Across Cultures
4.00
This course helps students learn to communicate with and speak to culturally diverse audiences. Audience analysis, organizational patterns, speech creation, research skills, and delivery skills are all critical to understanding when interacting with diverse audiences. Students are provided with opportunities for oral presentations and interactions in different contexts.
CJN-470 Rhetoric and Global Context
4.00
Rhetoric is the strategic use of symbols to create meaning. Films, television, music, and new media communicate these meanings. This course explores how rhetorical messages in popular culture shape our personal and cultural identities. Current communication trends in areas such as gender, social networking, food, politics, religion, and fashion are explored.
Choose two of the following:
CJN-101 Introduction to Communication
CJN majors only
4.00
As an introduction to the communication discipline, this course examines the significance of communication to the symbolic construction of meaning. Students receive an overview of multiple forms of communication, including face-to-face, verbal/non-verbal, small group, intercultural, organizational, and mediated communication. The class devotes attention to the influence of culture on communication and to ethical complexities relating to communication.
CJN-315 Leadership, Communication and Mediation
CJN-216;
4.00
Conflict is universal. Effective leadership is essential at any and all levels to ensure that the potential for social change and positive resolution inherent in conflict is realized. This course explores the phenomenon of conflict at various levels including interpersonal, organizational, and cultural contexts.
CJN-352 Visual and Global Contexts
4.00
This course focuses on understanding visual communication in a global context, such as photojournalism and photo essays. The student will be able to review and reflect on visual communication and their roles in everyday life. As part of the course students will create their own visual work focused on historical and/or contemporary and global perspectives.
CJN-482 Cultural Theory and Practice
CJN-216
4.00
In a world of globalization and multiculturalism, communication is critical to understanding. This course explores theoretical approaches to intercultural communication and apply them to specific contexts. Emerging trends in global, ethical, legal, political communication, and social justice issues are studied.
Residency Requirement Policy: In the College of Arts and Sciences, a two-course (8 credit) residency requirement must be satisfied for completion of a minor and a four-course (16 credit) residency requirement must be satisfied for the completion of a major.
Minor Programs Policy: A student declaring a minor may use no more than two courses from a major or double major combination to fulfill the requirements for the minor. No more than one course from one minor may count toward the fulfillment of a second minor. Students may not minor in a subject in which they are also completing a major. For more information, see the Minor Programs section of the CAS Degree Requirements page.
Accelerated Bachelor's/Master's in Communication Archive 2020-2021
Degree Requirements
- Students admitted to this dual degree program must meet all the requirements of an undergraduate major offered by the department of Advertising, Public Relations, and Social Media or the department of Communication, Journalism, and Media.
- Students must also meet all requirements for the Master’s degree in Communication.
- Students will take two Communication graduate courses during their senior year; one during the fall semester and one during the spring semester. The two graduate courses taken during the senior year will count toward BOTH the undergraduate and graduate degree requirements. Credit hours will be awarded based on the graduate course description.
- The graduate courses taken during the senior year will be determined by the Communication graduate program director.
- Students are subject to the usual standards for academic standing, i.e., undergraduate standards for undergraduate courses and graduate standards for graduate courses.
Upon successful completion of all of the degree requirements, a student will receive a dual Bachelor’s and Master’s degree. The exact degree will be awarded based on the specific undergraduate program the student completes. A student may permanently exit the dual degree program and opt to graduate with a Bachelor’s degree if all the requirements for a Bachelor’s degree have been met. In this case, the graduate courses taken in the senior year will be counted as 4-credit courses applied toward the undergraduate degree requirements.
Honors Archive 2020-2021
To complete requirements for honors in the major, a candidate must:
- Have a major GPA of 3.4 or higher
- Have an overall GPA of a 3.0 or higher
- Complete CJN-H506 or CJN-H555 with a grade of B+ or higher
- Publicly present their work in front of CJN faculty and students during finals week
- CAS Honors Program students only: Also present work from the senior honors experience at the Honors Symposium or Pecha Kucha event
To become a candidate for honors in the major, a student must:
- Have a major GPA of 3.4
- Have an overall GPA of 3.0
- Have completed a minimum of 20 credits of CJN coursework
CAS Honors Program students only: CAS Honors Program students who fulfill the GPA requirement and minimum credits of CJN coursework are assumed to be candidates for departmental honors and should consult with a major advisor(s) during junior year about registering for major honors requirements as described above
All other students: Declare intent to an advisor at an advising appointment
Communication, Journalism & Media Courses Archive 2020-2021
CJN-101 Introduction to Communication
CJN majors only
4.00
As an introduction to the communication discipline, this course examines the significance of communication to the symbolic construction of meaning. Students receive an overview of multiple forms of communication, including face-to-face, verbal/non-verbal, small group, intercultural, organizational, and mediated communication. The class devotes attention to the influence of culture on communication and to ethical complexities relating to communication.
CJN-105 Principles of Oral Communication
CJN majors only
4.00
Oral communication skills have been rated as vital to today's professional world. Students will learn these skills focusing on the three principal types of oral communication (interpersonal, team and public address). Sample assignments include creating a webinar, interviewing and team presentation. Specific attention will be given to communicating in diverse contexts, in an online environment, and for a diverse audience.
CJN-112 Journalism I
4.00
An introductory news writing course designed to teach both the writing style used by journalists and basic techniques used for gathering and presenting information for general publication. The course emphasizes fundamental writing and reporting skills such as interviews, finding sources, and choosing essential facts. Students also introduced to feature news writing and are assigned to develop and write basic stories drawn from real-life situations.
CJN-114 Great Works of Journalism
4.00
An examination of important contributions to the literature of journalism through an analysis of major writers and news coverage of significant events from a journalistic perspective.
CJN-152 Visual Aesthetics
4.00
This course provides an introduction to a humanities approach to a range of media, including but not limited to film and television. The course helps students develop visual literacies, enriching their understanding of multiple forms of media. The class also explores how media texts are constructed for specific cultural, entertainment, informative and propaganda purposes.
CJN-212 Journalism II
CJN-112
4.00
Modern reporting techniques are examined and applied to writing full-length news and feature news stories, with an emphasis on investigative journalism. The course includes an introduction to and an analysis of alternative or "new journalism," combined with the survey of journalistic styles and standards as they evolved in the U.S. and international press over the last century.
CJN-216 Intercultural Communication
4.00
An examination of communication variations and cultural viewpoints and their impact on cross-cultural communication. A special emphasis is placed on rituals and message patterns in non-Western cultures.
CJN-L218 Photojournalism
4.00
An introduction to the role of photography in the journalistic process. A discussion of photography as communication and a survey of the history of photography.
CJN-220 Review Opinion and Writing
4.00
Analysis and critique of movies, theater, music, art, and food.
CJN-222 Leadership and Communication
2.00
This course explores different definitions, perspectives, and strategies of leadership, with the goals of developing a better understanding of the concept as well as the students' own styles of leadership. The course examines the components of leadership including power, credibility, motivation, styles, situations, and followership.
CJN-225 World Cinema
4.00
An introductory course in film studies with a focus on foreign films. Movies studied include masterpieces of cinema from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and other nations (Films have subtitles).
CJN-239 Media Law
4.00
Explores the legal rights, responsibilities, and constraints on the media and on media professionals. Focus on defamation, copyright, obscenity, broadcast regulation, and media-related tort law.
CJN-253 Broadcast Journalism
Take CJN-112;
4.00
Introduces students to newswriting, production, and performance techniques for radio and television. Students write, produce, and perform new packages as part of the course.
CJN-255 Introduction to Media
4.00
An introduction to the role of media in contemporary society, focusing on media's influence on cultural, political, and ideological processes. An examination of the historical contexts within which newspapers, radio, television, and new media technologies develop, and how audiences interact with and influence the use of media.
CJN-270 Speaking Across Cultures
4.00
This course helps students learn to communicate with and speak to culturally diverse audiences. Audience analysis, organizational patterns, speech creation, research skills, and delivery skills are all critical to understanding when interacting with diverse audiences. Students are provided with opportunities for oral presentations and interactions in different contexts.
CJN-280 Business of Documentary
Take CJN-2355.
4.00
Students explore relevant business skills in non-fiction production linked to the evolving nature of the television and film industries. Topics may include accounting/budgeting, producing, and pitching ideas for potential documentaries.
CJN-281 Asian Popular Culture
4.00
Students critically analyze Asian popular culture since the 1980s using a cultural ethnographic approach. Students apply the lenses of gender, identity, globalization, and business strategies to examine pop phenomena such as Korean Wave, Cool Japan, and Cantonese popular music.
CJN-292 Film History: From Silent Cinema to the Modern Era
4.00
An introductory film studies course that covers the history of the film medium from its birth until the 1970s. It provides an introduction to major film theory concepts, such as genre and/or auteur studies, as well as key films and stars in movie history.
CJN-293 Hong Kong Cinema
4.00
By examining the film texts of Hong Kong auteurs such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, Tsui Hark, Andrew Lau, and Alan Mak, the course examines issues such as film genres, colonization/decolonization, transnational political economy, the Greater Chinese media market, and the diaspora.
CJN-2080 Drones for Filmmakers
By Instructor Permission Only. UES 107/L107, UES L108. CJN L2080(concurrently). Must have a valid FAA license.
4
This course studies and practices the usage of unmanned aerial systems from the perspective of the filmmaker. Students will study existing drone footage to explore how it is incorporated into professional video productions, primarily focusing on non-fiction. They will also learn to create appropriate pre-production industry-standard paperwork and produce footage for various contexts themselves, again primarily focusing on non-fiction work, such as 'house hunting programs'.
CJN-L2080 Drones for Filmmakers Lab
Must be taken concurrently with CJN-2080. Students must have vaild FAA license to take this course.
4.00
This course studies and practices the usage of unmanned aerial systems from the perspective of the filmmaker. Students will study existing drone footage and how it is incorporated into professional video productions, both non-fiction and fiction. They will also learn to create appropriate pre-production paperwork standard in the industry and learn to produce footage for various contexts, such as 'house hunting programs' and a battle scene"" in an action adventure film. "
CJN-2355 Production I
Take CJN-152; CJN majors only.
4.00
Practical exposure to methods of production and production equipment of the media. Students are introduced to basic theoretical concepts, such as three-point lighting and white balancing, and apply those to their productions. Students create a variety of non-fiction videos in teams and/or by themselves.
CJN-301 Documentary Film and the Image of Conflict in the Middle East
4.00
The course focus is on some of the divisions and conflicts within Israeli society. Students analyze and compare mainstream media discourse to alternative representations in documentary film. Analysis also covers media representation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
CJN-H301 Honors Documentary Film and the Image of Conflict in the Middle East
CAS Honors Students only
4.00
The course focus is on some of the divisions and conflicts within Israeli society. Students analyze and compare mainstream media discourse to alternative representations in documentary film. Analysis also covers media representation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
CJN-303 Current Issues in Documentary
Take CJN-152 and Sophomore standing required.
4.00
Each time this course is offered it examines different current issues in documentary, such as social justice documentary production or ethical issues in documentary.
CJN-315 Leadership, Communication and Mediation
CJN-216;
4.00
Conflict is universal. Effective leadership is essential at any and all levels to ensure that the potential for social change and positive resolution inherent in conflict is realized. This course explores the phenomenon of conflict at various levels including interpersonal, organizational, and cultural contexts.
CJN-317 Copy Editing
CJN-112
4.00
A study of the fundamentals of copy editing, newspaper typography, and makeup.
CJN-321 Research Methods in Communication
4.00
Students learn the research traditions in communication grounded in the humanities and social sciences. They are exposed to an array of qualitative methods, with in-depth study of select methodologies. Students learn how to read scholarly articles, write in an academic style, and design a research project.
CJN-335 Persuasion
4.00
Analysis of persuasive techniques particularly those used by communicators in their attempt to gain public acceptance.
CJN-352 Visual and Global Contexts
4.00
This course focuses on understanding visual communication in a global context, such as photojournalism and photo essays. The student will be able to review and reflect on visual communication and their roles in everyday life. As part of the course students will create their own visual work focused on historical and/or contemporary and global perspectives.
CJN-353 Broadcast Journalism II
Take CJN-2355 and CJN-253
4.00
Advanced work in newswriting, production, and performance techniques for television. Students report, write, and produce news packages, with emphasis on increasing the depth, breadth, and frequency of reporting. Work also includes gathering, organizing, and evaluating the newsworthiness of information, evaluating the credibility of sources, writing the story, and producing broadcast quality work. Cannot be taken concurrently with CJN 483.
CJN-356 TV Studio Production
4.00
Provides students with a hands-on introduction to the process of planning, preparing, producing, and evaluating studio productions. Students are exposed to the elements and terminology of a multi-camera studio with live switching, audio mixing, and studio lighting. Students produce interviews, public service announcements, and a live variety/talk show.
CJN-357 Advanced Editing Skills
Take CJN-2355
4.00
To enhance their understanding of the post production process, students will learn additional software to enhance the quality of their news and documentary productions. Topics covered include video compression and motion graphics for news features. Professional software used include Avid and Adobe Suite.
CJN-358 Family Communication
4.00
Looks at different family structures using communication concepts and theories as a focus to glance at family life. Communication issues include the creation of meaning and identity through storytelling, rules and roles, conflict, power, intimacy, and challenges to the family unit. Examines both fictional and real families portrayed in television, movies, documentaries, as well as in fiction and non-fiction writing. Final projects include a paper and presentation about a family communication concept as applied to a family unit.
CJN-361 Television News Producing
CJN-2355 and CJN-253
4.00
Students produce news segments, series, and/or specials leading to broadcast quality products. Emphasis is on the pacing, timing, and flow of newscasts, as well as pre-production, tease (script and on-camera) and the issues of an audience and professional ethics. Cannot be taken concurrently with CJN 483.
CJN-363 Online Journalism
CJN-253
4.00
The development and implementation of news stories for web media. Emphasis is on the narrative form in the integration of writing, video, sound, and photography in producing news content for the web.
CJN-375 Organizational Communication
4.00
Historical development of the theory of organizations, examination of information flow, network analysis, communication overload and underload, corporate culture, superior-subordinate communications, organizational effectiveness, and change processes.
CJN-381 Business of Media
4.00
Students will hone interdisciplinary thinking to learn about Big Data analytics and the media industry. They will explore how media organizations use big data analytics to make decisions, practice basic methods and techniques of big data analytics and apply them to case simulation, as well as understand the structure of the media industry. Topics include audience measurement and aggregates, social media analytics and campaigns, audience taste prediction.
CJN-387 Media and Film Criticism
CJN-152
4.00
Examination of media including film, television, radio, music, newspapers, and magazines. Theories of media criticism are discussed and applied to specific media or media products. Students are introduced to criticisms such as genre, formalist, narrative, cultural, critical cultural, and feminist.
CJN-3455 Production II
CJN-2355, CJN Majors only
4.00
Building on skills acquired in CJN 2355, students use advanced equipment and production techniques to produce complex video projects, including fiction filmmaking. Projects cover various styles and genres, such as music video and film noir.
CJN-400 Media Effects and Audiences
CJN-255
4.00
Explores the social influence of the media on U.S. society. Attention is given to the theoretical perspectives that inform media research. By the end of the semester, students will develop a critical understanding of the role and influence of the media in U.S. society.
CJN-401 Networked Culture
Junior status or above required, or instructor permission.
4.00
Explores the influence of media convergence, digital technologies, and networked culture on the production, distribution, and consumption of media texts. Through theory, analysis and practice, students learn broad conceptual frameworks and develop models about the emergence and evolution of digital and mobile communication technologies that have shaped the contemporary media landscape. Case studies are drawn from media industries including journalism, advertising, public relations, film and television, music, video games, and the arts.
CJN-403 Issues in Journalism
CJN-112
4.00
Each time this course is offered it examines a different issue in Journalism, such as social justice journalism, electronic journalism, ethics, political journalism, or international journalism.
CJN-415 Review Writing
4.00
Analysis and critique of movies, theater, music, art, and food.
CJN-443 Advanced Reporting and Feature Writing
Senior status or instructor permission
4.00
Principles and techniques of advanced news, features, and investigative reporting are studied and applied, with a focus on enterprise reporting. Students develop, organize and write detailed news and news-feature stories based on original research.
CJN-466 Seminar in Media/Film
Take CJN-2355, Junior status or above required.
4.00
Functions as a capstone media/film course and merges theoretical and practical knowledge from previous classes. Students revisit concepts and apply them to advanced courses and/or create their own advanced work.
CJN-470 Rhetoric and Global Context
4.00
Rhetoric is the strategic use of symbols to create meaning. Films, television, music, and new media communicate these meanings. This course explores how rhetorical messages in popular culture shape our personal and cultural identities. Current communication trends in areas such as gender, social networking, food, politics, religion, and fashion are explored.
CJN-480 Investigative Journalism & Documentary
4.00
This advanced production course has a dual focus. First, it examines the role of documentary over time in contributing to investigative journalism. Second, it provides students with an opportunity to produce documentaries that are examples of investigative journalism.
CJN-481 Making the Short Film
CJN-2355 or instructor consent
4.00
This advanced class works together as a crew to create of a short narrative film shot in HD video. Students learn the process of making professional-quality work, and each student is responsible for various crew positions during pre-production and the shooting of the film.
CJN-482 Cultural Theory and Practice
CJN-216
4.00
In a world of globalization and multiculturalism, communication is critical to understanding. This course explores theoretical approaches to intercultural communication and apply them to specific contexts. Emerging trends in global, ethical, legal, political communication, and social justice issues are studied.
CJN-483 Suffolk TV News
Take CJN-253, CJN-353, and CJN-2355
4.00
Students write, direct, crew, edit, and serve as talent in producing the CJN Department's weekly news program aired on Boston Cable Access. Cannot be taken concurrently with CJN 361 or CJN 353.
CJN-490 News Magazine
CJN-253 and CJN-2355
4.00
Students produce, write, direct, crew and edit a News Magazine program. A minimum of three 'live news magazine' programs need to be produced over the course of a semester.
CJN-4455 Production III
CJN-3455
4.00
Builds on the theories and techniques developed in CJN 3455, focusing on the advanced concepts and skills needed to design and produce professional-level media content for digital distribution. Provides the opportunity to produce high-quality material for student media portfolios in various genres.
CJN-505 Communication and Journalism Practicum
Requires 12 hours of CJN coursework and internship supervisor permission
1.00-12.00
Practicum and internship projects are available prior to the start of each semester. Prerequisites: Any CJN major with a minimum of 12 credits of coursework or permission of the Department Chairperson. 1-3 terms : 1-12 credits.
CJN-506 Honors Seminar
Senior CJN majors with an overall cumulative grade point average of 3.0, and a major GPA of 3.4; or instructor consent
4.00
Senior CJN majors meeting requirements for Departmental Honors are invited to participate in this seminar, which entails research and presentation of an approved topic.
CJN-507 Production Practicum
Any Media/Film or Broadcast major with a minimum of 12 credits of coursework or permission of the Internship supervisor.
4.00
Practicum and internship projects are available prior to the start of each semester.
CJN-510 Independent Study
An independent study form must be submitted to the CAS Dean's Office.
1.00-12.00
An independent study experience in Communication and Journalism is available prior to the start of each semester.
CJN-H510 Honors Independent Study
An independent study form must be submitted to the CAS Dean's Office. CJN majors only who have previously completed 16 credits of CJN courses.
1.00- 4.00
An independent study experience in Communication and Journalism is available prior to the start of each semester.
CJN-H555 Senior Honors Thesis/Project
CAS Honors students, overall GPA 3.5 or higher, CJN GPA 3.6 or higher, and instructor consent.
1.00- 8.00
An independent study experience for CJN majors seeking to either complete their CAS Honors program and/or to be considered for CJN departmental honors. The independent study experience is available for a topic not offered in one of the existing courses. The work can be theoretical (i.e. research paper) or practical (i.e. producing a video) or a combination of the two. Registration must be approved by the full-time CJN faculty member who agreed to supervise the study, and the student must fulfill the other prerequisite requirements. May be taken in fall and/or spring of senior year, for 4-8 credits.